The war years
Chapter 3
Against the backdrop of war, Henry Moore firmly established his reputation on the global stage in the 1940s, appointed by the British government as an official war artist and staging his first international exhibitions.
Leaving London
In 1940 Henry and Irina’s street in Hampstead was bombed, narrowly missing but damaging their studio. Fortunately, the couple had been away visiting friends in Hertfordshire at the time. On discovering the damage they quickly left London again.
They returned to Hertfordshire, deciding to rent part of a farmhouse called ‘Hoglands’ in Perry Green near Much Hadham. Though initially they planned to stay here just for the duration of the war, it would become their home for the rest of their lives.
At first, the Moores shared the house with another family, but the sale of a 1939 elmwood Reclining Figure – for £300 to fellow artist Gordon Onslow Ford – soon allowed them to buy the whole house.
As Moore sold more sculptures over the next few years, the couple managed to buy the house, followed by the surrounding land and buildings. By repurposing and constructing buildings on the site, Moore created numerous studios for making different types of work.
The sprawling estate provided space for Moore to display his large-scale sculptures against the landscape. Irina created a beautiful and vibrant garden – a perfect backdrop to her husband’s work.
War artist
During the war years in Perry Green, Moore joined the local Home Guard. Living less than thirty miles north of London, he continued to visit the city.
Moore dedicated himself to drawing at this time, partly due to a shortage of materials for making sculpture. He began drawing the crowds of people huddled in the London Underground during air raids, seeing comparisons between figures sleeping under blankets and his own reclining figures, and the holes of the tunnels and those in his sculptures.
In 1941 Moore became an official war artist, and was commissioned to create more of these ‘Shelter Drawings’. This work transformed his reputation, making him known to a much wider audience.
In August 1941, Moore was commissioned by the War Artists’ Advisory Committee to create drawings of the coalminers at Wheldale Colliery near Castleford, where his father had worked.
He began his observations in the mine in December of that year, completing the commission the following June.
Moore first returned to making sculpture following a commission from St Matthew’s Church in Northampton. His Madonna and Child, carved from Horton Stone, was completed in 1944.
After the war, Moore would dedicate himself once again to his sculpture.
A growing international career
As well as continuing to make drawings during the war, Moore also staged his first retrospective exhibition. This was held in 1941 at Temple Newsam House in Leeds, alongside work by his friends Graham Sutherland and John Piper.
In the same year, Moore was appointed a Trustee of the Tate Gallery, a position he held intermittently until 1956.
Moore held his first solo exhibition outside the UK in 1943, at the Buchholz Gallery in New York. In 1945 the University of Leeds awarded him the first of many honorary degrees.
In 1946, the Museum of Modern Art in New York displayed the first major international retrospective of Moore’s work. Moore credited this show with generating the global attention his art received in the years that followed.
“Perhaps now that the war is completely over, the isolated, cut-off feeling we’ve all had, particularly here in England, may quickly go… Though I myself think that I have been particularly lucky throughout the war.
“Happiest thing of all is that I have been able to go on working all through – although not all the time at exactly what I would have liked – that is I’ve not been free to give the majority (and proper proportion) of my time to my real work of sculpture. But that’s no longer so.”
Henry Moore, 1973
(As quoted in Henry J. Seldis, Henry Moore in America, 1973, p.65)
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Explore an interactive timeline of Henry Moore’s life, featuring important artworks and exhibitions, biographical information and life events, and Moore’s interactions with other artists.